As a high-performance heat transfer and immersion cooling medium, Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) core technical indicators directly determine its applicability and reliability in scenarios such as data centers, semiconductors, and high-end industries. Below are the key technical indicators and their corresponding performance characteristics, illustrated with application scenarios of our PFPE JX and JHT series:
I. Thermal Performance Indicators
1. Thermal Conductivity
- Definition: The amount of heat transferred through a unit area per unit time under a unit temperature gradient, unit: W/(m.K).
- Corresponding Performance: Directly determines heat dissipation efficiency. A higher value means faster heat transfer, making it more suitable for cooling high-power density equipment (e.g., GPUs, supercomputing chips).
- Application Relevance: Our PFPE JHT & JX series has a thermal conductivity of approximately 0.065\W/(m.K), equivalent to Solvay's GARDEN HT series, meeting the efficient heat dissipation requirements of heat transfer and single-phase immersion cooling.
2. Boiling Point
- Definition: The temperature at which a liquid boils under standard atmospheric pressure, unit: ℃.
- Corresponding Performance: A core indicator for classifying cooling technology routes. - High boiling point (>150℃): Suitable for single-phase immersion cooling, avoiding liquid volatilization, reducing replenishment volume, and lowering operational costs; - Medium-low boiling point (40-100℃): Suitable for two-phase immersion cooling, utilizing latent heat of vaporization to rapidly absorb heat, improving heat dissipation efficiency several times.
- Application Relevance: Our PFPE JHT & JX series covers a boiling point range of 130-270℃, allowing flexible selection based on data center power density.
3. Pour Point
- Definition: The lowest temperature at which a liquid can maintain fluidity, unit: ℃.
- Corresponding Performance: Determines adaptability to low-temperature environments. A lower pour point enables the cooling fluid to circulate normally in alpine regions (e.g., edge data centers at -40℃) without preheating equipment.
- Application Relevance: Our PFPE JX series has a pour point as low as -80℃, adapting to deployment needs in different climatic regions worldwide.
4. Specific Heat Capacity
- Definition: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1℃, unit: J/(kg.K).
- Corresponding Performance: A higher specific heat capacity means the cooling fluid can carry more heat per unit volume, reducing the required circulation flow rate, lowering pump energy consumption, and optimizing the data center's PUE value.
II. Chemical Stability Indicators
1. Chemical Inertness
- Definition: Reactivity with metals, plastics, rubbers, and other materials, verified through corrosion tests and compatibility tests.
- Corresponding Performance: Prevents the cooling fluid from reacting with server components (copper, aluminum, epoxy resin), avoiding pipeline corrosion, equipment short circuits, or aging. Due to the extremely high bond energy of C-F bonds in its molecules, PFPE hardly reacts with any substances.
- Application Relevance: Our JX series has passed compatibility tests with mainstream server manufacturers, with a service life of over 15 years.
2. Thermal Stability
- Definition: The ability to maintain chemical structure stability without decomposition under high-temperature environments, usually measured by thermal decomposition temperature.
- Corresponding Performance: A higher thermal decomposition temperature means better tolerance to transient high-temperature shocks from chips (e.g., GPU overclocking). Decomposition products will not produce acidic substances or pollutants, avoiding damage to hardware.
- Application Relevance: The thermal decomposition temperature of PFPE is generally >300℃, far exceeding the normal operating temperature of data center equipment (<100℃).
3. Volatility
- Definition: The volatilization rate of a liquid at room temperature, expressed by vapor pressure or weight loss rate.
- Corresponding Performance: Lower volatility results in less loss of the cooling fluid during long-term operation, with annual replenishment volume controllable within 1%, reducing operational costs and environmental pressure.
III. Electrical Performance Indicators
1. Breakdown Voltage
-Definition: The critical voltage at which an insulating medium breaks down and conducts electricity, unit: k V.
- Corresponding Performance: Determines the safety upper limit of the cooling fluid in immersion cooling. A higher breakdown voltage better avoids short-circuit risks caused by fluid leakage or equipment contact.
- Application Relevance: Our PFPE JHT & JX series has a breakdown voltage ≥40kV, far exceeding the safety standard of immersion cooling systems (≥25kV).
2. Volume Resistivity
- Definition: The ability of a material to resist current flow, unit: Ω⋅cm.
- Corresponding Performance: Higher volume resistivity indicates better insulation performance. The volume resistivity of our PFPE is usually ≥1X1015Ω⋅cm, ensuring no leakage risk when in direct contact with live components.
IV. Rheological Performance Indicator
Kinematic Viscosity
- Definition: The flow resistance of a liquid under gravity, unit: cSt(mm²/s), usually tested at 25℃.
- Corresponding Performance: Lower viscosity means better fluidity of the cooling fluid and lower energy consumption of circulating pumps. Low viscosity also reduces residue on equipment surfaces, facilitating maintenance and cleaning.
- Application Relevance: The kinematic viscosity of our PFPE JHT series at 25℃ is only 1.0-5.0 cSt, 50% lower than that of traditional mineral oils, significantly reducing the power consumption of cold plate/immersion systems.
V. Environmental and Safety Indicators
1. Global Warming Potential (GWP)
- Definition: A measure of the impact of greenhouse gases on global warming, benchmarked against CO₂ (GWP=1).
- Corresponding Performance: A lower GWP value better complies with global environmental policies (e.g., EU F-Gas Regulation). High-quality PFPE has a GWP <10, far lower than some hydrofluoroether (HFE) cooling fluids.
2. Flammability
- Definition: Flame retardancy rating determined through standard tests such as UL 94.
- Corresponding Performance: PFPE oil is a non-flammable liquid with a flame retardancy rating of UL 94 V-0. It does not burn or produce toxic fumes under high-temperature or open-flame environments, ensuring fire safety in data centers.
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