There are about 8.5 million smaller data centers in the world, 3 million of which are located in the United States. There is almost one data center for every 100 people, and they account for nearly 2% of all electricity consumption in the United States.
The IT hardware equipment used in these data centers converts 100% of the electricity consumed into heat energy. Therefore, a powerful and efficient cooling system is required, but cooling through traditional cooling methods also requires electricity. The power demand of the cooling system also accounts for more than 50% of the total power of the data center. The overall energy demand is so huge.
This makes the data center a giant electric heater, and the current trend of building more data centers has the potential to make the sustainability of enterprises and even countries more difficult. Fortunately, the cooling model of traditional data centers has A more efficient alternative.
The old-fashioned way: raised floor cooling
Over the past half century, most data centers have used raised floors to deliver pressurized air for cooling.CRAC (Computer Room Precision Air Conditioning) or CRAH (Computer Room Air Handling Unit) are cooled by fixed-speed fans delivering cold air. This type of system works well when rack density is low and efficiency is not a priority. But as time goes by, the shortcomings are highlighted.
The biggest problem with this type of cooling is the temperature gradient from the bottom to the top of the rack, which is called temperature stratification. Servers near the floor get the coldest air, and servers at the top of the rack typically draw in warmer temperature air. These configurations also reduce recirculation, which occurs when hot air exhausted from the rear of the server is sucked in from the front of the server, potentially creating dangerous equipment temperatures.
Modern precision air conditioning solution
Through the cold air sealing and hot air sealing design, the limitations of stratification and bypass are largely overcome, and the cabinet air conditioner can achieve higher efficiency. Here, variable-speed fans are installed in the cooling system and integrated into the same row of cabinets, allowing data center operators to more precisely control temperature and energy consumption. These variable-speed fans consume significantly less energy than systems using fixed-speed fans.
water cooled solution
Using cooling towers as a solution for cooling data centers consumes large amounts of water. On the surface this seems to be advantageous at least for dry cooling systems, but from a more comprehensive perspective we also have to consider that the steam stage of a fossil fuel power plant also consumes water, and so much water that dry cooling The additional energy required by the cooling system causes dry cooling to consume more water than current ice-water machines.
Liquid immersion cooling
Liquid immersion cooling is a higher-capacity cooling method than air cooling. It is achieved by immersing the circuit in a dielectric fluid (usually mineral oil, such as Perfluoropolyether PFPE liquid). Since the oil conducts heat but not electricity, it will not damage the components. Liquid immersion cooling can also be used in servers, using this method to remove heat from electronic equipment more efficiently than outside air cooling.
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